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Open-source hardware (OSH) consists of physical artifacts of technology designed and offered by the open design movement. Both free and open-source software (FOSS) as well as open-source hardware is created by this open-source culture movement and applies a like concept to a variety of components. It is sometimes, thus, referred to as FOSH (free and open source hardware). The term usually means that information about the hardware is easily discerned so that others can make it - coupling it closely to the maker movement.〔Alicia Gibb (Ed.) ''Building Open Source Hardware: DIY Manufacturing for Hackers and Makers'', Addison-Wesley: New York, pp. 253-277 (2015).〕 Hardware design (i.e. mechanical drawings, schematics, bills of material, PCB layout data, HDL source code 〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Free Software Foundation Inc )〕 and integrated circuit layout data), in addition to the software that drives the hardware, are all released under free/libre terms. The original sharer gains feedback and potentially improvements on the design from the FOSH community. There is now significant evidence that such sharing creates enormous economic value 〔Pearce, J.M. (2015) (Quantifying the Value of Open Source Hardware Development ). ''Modern Economy'', 6, 1-11. doi: 10.4236/me.2015.61001.〕 and can drive a high return on investment for investors. 〔 Joshua M. Pearce. (2015) (Return on Investment for Open Source Hardware Development ). ''Science and Public Policy''. DOI :10.1093/scipol/scv034 (open access )〕 Since the rise of reconfigurable programmable logic devices, sharing of logic designs has been a form of open-source hardware. Instead of the schematics, hardware description language (HDL) code is shared. HDL descriptions are commonly used to set up system-on-a-chip systems either in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) or directly in application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designs. HDL modules, when distributed, are called semiconductor intellectual property cores, or IP cores. One example of open source hardware is Phonebloks. == Licenses == Rather than creating a new license, some open-source hardware projects simply use existing, free and open-source software licenses.〔From (OpenCollector's "License Zone" ): GPL used by (Free Model Foundry ) and OpenSPARC; other licenses are used by Free-IP Project, LART (the software is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Hardware design is released under the MIT License), GNUBook (defunct).〕 These licenses may not accord well with patent law.〔Thompson, C. (2011). (Build it. Share it. Profit. Can open source hardware work? ). Work, 10, 08.〕 Additionally, several new licenses have been proposed. These licenses are designed to address issues specific to hardware designs.〔For a nearly comprehensive list of licenses, see (OpenCollector's "license zone" )〕 In these licenses, many of the fundamental principles expressed in open-source software (OSS) licenses have been "ported" to their counterpart hardware projects. Organizations tend to rally around a shared license. For example, Opencores prefers the LGPL or a Modified BSD License,〔(Item "What license is used for OpenCores?" ), from Opencores.org FAQ, retrieved 14 January 2013〕 FreeCores insists on the GPL,〔(FreeCores Main Page ), retrieved 25 November 2008〕 Open Hardware Foundation promotes "copyleft" or other permissive licenses",〔(Open Hardware Foundation, main page ), retrieved 25 November 2008〕 the Open Graphics Project uses a variety of licenses, including the MIT license, GPL, and a proprietary license,〔See "Are we going to get the 'source' for what is on the FPGA also?" in the (Open Graphics Project FAQ ), retrieved 25 November 2008〕 and the Balloon Project wrote their own license.〔(Balloon License ), from balloonboard.org〕 New hardware licenses are often explained as the "hardware equivalent" of a well-known OSS license, such as the GPL, LGPL, or BSD license. Despite superficial similarities to software licenses, most hardware licenses are fundamentally different: by nature, they typically rely more heavily on patent law than on copyright law. Whereas a copyright license may control the distribution of the source code or design documents, a patent license may control the use and manufacturing of the physical device built from the design documents. This distinction is explicitly mentioned in the preamble of the TAPR Open Hardware License: Noteworthy licenses include: * The TAPR Open Hardware License: drafted by attorney John Ackermann, reviewed by OSS community leaders Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond, and discussed by hundreds of volunteers in an open community discussion〔(transcript of all comments ), hosted on technocrat.net〕 * Balloon Open Hardware License: used by all projects in the Balloon Project * Although originally a software license, OpenCores encourages the LGPL * Hardware Design Public License: written by Graham Seaman, admin. of Opencollector.org * In March 2011 CERN released the CERN Open Hardware License (OHL) intended for use with the Open Hardware Repository〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Open Hardware Repository )〕 and other projects. * The Solderpad License is a version of the Apache License version 2.0, amended by lawyer Andrew Katz to render it more appropriate for hardware use. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Open-source hardware」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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